[cifer's SM] BDSM의 역사

아래 편지는 과거 2050 시절에 누군가에게 답멜로 보냈던 내용 중 일부이다.
편지의 내용 중 불필요한 부분을 잘라내고, 필요한 부분만 발췌해 부분적으로 수정을 가했다.
자, 이제 BDSM에 대해 좀 더 본질적으로 파고들어 보자.

먼저 영문 위키페디아에서는 BDSM을 어떻게 말하는 지 살펴보자.
(참고로 이 내용은 예전에 복사했던 내용으로 지금과는 조금 다를 수 있다.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM (참조)
The historical origins of BDSM are obscure. There are anecdotal reports of people willingly being bound or whipped, as a prelude to or substitute for sex, going back to the fourteenth century. The medieval phenomenon of courtly love in all of its slavish devotion and ambivalence has been suggested by some writers to be a precursor of BDSM. Some sources claim that BDSM as a distinct form of sexual behaviour originated at the beginning of the eighteenth century when Western civilization began medically and legally categorizing sexual behaviour. There are reports of brothels specializing in flagellation as early as 1769, and John Cleland's novel Fanny Hill, published in 1749, mentions a flagellation scene. Other sources give a b! ! roader definition citing BDSM-like behavior in earlier times and other cultures, such as the medieval flagellants and the physical ordeal rituals of some Native American societies.
Although the names of the Marquis de Sade and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch are attached to the terms sadism and masochism respectively, the question remains as to whether their ways of life would meet with modern BDSM standards of informed consent.
BDSM ideas and imagery have existed on the fringes of Western culture throughout the twentieth century. Robert Bienvenu attributes the origins of modern BDSM to three sources, which he names as "European Fetish" (from 1928), "American Fetish" (from 1934), and "Gay Leather" (from 1950). Another source is the sexual games played in brothels, which go back into the nineteenth century if not earlier. Irving Klaw, during the 1950s and 1960s, produced some of the first commercial film and photography with a BDSM theme (most notably with Bettie Page) and published comics by the now-iconic bondage artists John Willie and Eric Stanton.
There are numerous BDSM emblems in use but the one that may be most recognized is a circle with 3 divisions that resemble the Yin-Yang symbol. It can be worn anywhere without attracting attention except from those who are familiar with it. [1][2]
Much of the BDSM ethos can be traced back to gay male leather culture, which formalized itself out of the group of men who were soldiers returning home after World War II (1939-1945). This subculture is epitomized by the Leatherman's Handbook by Larry Townsend, published in 1972, which essentially defined the "Old Guard leather" culture. This code emphasized strict formality and fixed roles (i.e. no switching), and did not really include lesbian women or heterosexuals. In 1981, however, the publication of Coming to Power by Samois led to a greater knowledge and acceptance of BDSM in the lesbian community.
In the mid-nineties, the Internet provided a way of finding people with specialized interests around the world and communicating with them anonymously. This brought about an explosion of interest and knowledge of BDSM, particularly on the usenet group alt.sex.bondage. When that group became too cluttered with spam, the focus moved to soc.subculture.bondage-bdsm.
New Guard leather subculture appeared around this time, which rejected the rigid roles and exclusion of women and heterosexuals of the Old Guard.
In addition to the bricks and mortar businesses, which sell sex paraphernalia, there has also been an explosive growth of online adult toy companies that specialize in leather/latex gear and BDSM toys. The first known online store specializing in bondage gear was JT's Stockroom, which became a primarily online business as early as 1990. Once a very niche market, there are now very few sex toy companies that do not offer some sort of BDSM or fetish gear in their catalog. Kinky elements seem to have worked their way into even the most "vanilla" markets. However, amongst lifestylers, a tradition of craftmanship prevails and it is common for people to take pride in creating their own toys or purchasing from local artisans.! !
BDSM and fetish imagery has spread out into the mainstream of Western culture through avant-garde fashion, the goth subculture, rap, hip hop and heavy metal video clips, and science fiction television and movies.
The modern BDSM subculture is widespread. Most major cities in North America and Western Europe have clubs and play parties, as well as informal, low-pressure gatherings called munches. There are also conventions like Living in Leather, TESfest and Black Rose, as well as the annual Folsom Street Fair in San Francisco. North American cities that have large BDSM communities include New York City, Seattle, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Diego, Dallas, Minneapolis, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. European cities include London, Paris, Munich, Berlin and Rome.
The Leather Pride Flag and the BDSM Emblem are symbols used by sections of the BDSM communities or subcultures.
즉, 위의 이야기를 살펴보면 처음부터 BDSM이 하나의 형태로 굳어져 나온 것이 아니라.
2차 대전 이전 이미 유럽과 북미에 BDSM의 원시적인 형태가 존재하고 있음을 말하고 있다.
그러하던 것이 2차 대전 이후 사디즘과 마조히즘을 기초로 여러 가지 다른 형태의 것들과 함께 현대 BDSM이 탄생하게 되었다는 정도로 그치고 있다.

하지만, 위키페디아에서 말하는 내용이 모두 사실인 것은 아니다.
(위키페디아를 진실로 믿는다면 당신은 바보!)

좀 더 구체적인 역사를 알려면 아무래도 직접 BDSM 그룹에 끼어드는 것이 옳다.

현대에 들어와 BDSM의 원류로 볼 수 있는 그룹은 (origins of modern BDSM to three sources) 바로 "European Fetish" (from 1928), "American Fetish" (from 1934), 그리고 "Gay Leather" (from 1950). 이 세 개였다.

즉, 페티시즘과 Leather로 일컬어 지는 구속(혹은 본디지)을 위한 그룹이 현대 BDSM의 시작을 알렸고 그 이후 점차 새디즘과 마조히즘, 그리고 지배와 복종등의 개념이 함께 포함된 것이다.
하지만 보다 직접적이고 오늘날의 기본적인 BDSM의 기틀을 만든 그룹은 단연 “Old Guard leather”라고 할 수 있을 것이다.
이들로 인해 현재 우리가 알고 있는 규칙들이 만들어 졌으며, 그리고 다시 New Guard 그룹으로 이어져 내려와 다시 분화되기 시작한 것이다.
따라서 BDSM의 역사에 있어서 이 Old Guard의 역할은 대단히 중요했는데 그들의 역할에 대한 단편적인 기록은 다음과 같다.
Our BDSM culture draws much of its current activities, styles and beliefs from the early Leather Men community that spawned in the US after World War II (1945). These gay men, returning from war after an intense military experience to a much-transformed US, formed what some refer to as the "Old Guard." Banding together was a way of holding onto the positive aspects of their military experience, forming a community of men who shared kinky interests as well as an appreciation for discipline and order. During the 50s, and continuing to form through the 60s and 70s, the Old Guard based their culture around motorcycle riding and homosexuality. It was a much more exclusive community than our BDSM one is today - much more. And it ex! ! emplified the confidence these men had gained through surviving a brutal war while also providing an insulated environment for them to express their love for other men and their non-mainstream fetishes.
Because of their military roots, and as another way of keeping their community insular, the Old Guard relied heavily on tradition, ritual and rules. This is the "protocol" that we all talk about so much. Old Guard protocol included very specific detail about every portion of life, from dressing to mannerisms to interpersonal behavior. There were tiers of power--as in the military--and specific guidelines about how folks in those tiers could relate with one another. There were also many rules relating to the motorcycle aspect of the culture--who could touch another man’s gear, ride on another man’s bike. Which motorcycle club you belonged to became akin to your squad or division in the military. How you dressed, how you spok! ! e and who your comrades were... all of these things were integral parts of Old Guard culture. Sexy in-and-of-themselves, sure... but these rules also helped formalize the culture.
In the long run, as the society outside of the Old Guard became more tolerant to gays, and as more outsiders (like lesbians, heteros and bisexuals) started creating fetish-oriented communities of their own, the exclusive nature of the Old Guard became harder to maintain. Their ways and means began to seep out into other alternative sexual cultures and vice versa. (Though there are still explicitly gay-male-leather communities and such.) Now we can easily see those origins in much of what we do in our BDSM community-even if we’re not particularly focused on protocol. Whether it’s capitalization of "Master" or ritualistic traditions like collaring, it’s easy to see the Old Guard in the Current.

여기서 우리는 단편적으로 'Old Guard'와 그들이 만들어 낸 "protocol"에 대해 유추할 수 있다.
그들은 사실상 오늘날 BDSM의 원리에 대해서 구체적인 지표를 제시한 셈이다.

어쨌든 이러한 과정을 통해 발전하게 된 BDSM은 다음과 같은 정의를 지니고 있다.
The terms "S&M" and "SM" were originally derived from the clinical terms sadism, masochism and sadomasochism. Some practitioners, especially those producing pornography, attempted to distance themselves from what was then classified as a mental illness and began to use the term "B&D" (bondage & discipline). The terms "DS", "D/s", "domsub" or "subdom" were also used to refer to some or all of BDSM, including sadomasochistic activities (for example, in "Different Loving" and "The Loving Dominant".) However, BDSM was developed as a composite abbreviation for B&D, D/s and SM, although some practitioners believe that D/s should not be linked to BD/SM or "physical BDSM".

이렇듯 BDSM은 사디즘과 마조히즘을 근간으로 하여 구속과 징벌, 그리고 지배와 복종, 가학과 피학 이 여섯 가지 개념이 합쳐져 오늘날의 DSM을 이루게 된 것이다.

재밌는 이야기를 하나 더 추가하자면,
서구에선 간혹 BDSM을 은어로써 Robin(울새)라고 표현하기도 한다.
따라서 BDSM의 문학에서 자주 울새가 등장한다든지, 혹은 주인공의 이름에 로빈이 붙여지는 것은 바로 그러한 연유 때문이다.

그리고 이후부터는 내 개인적인 독단일지 모르지만,
미국에서 발생된 BDSM은 필연적으로 일본으로 넘어가게 된 것으로 보인다. 왜냐하면 아직 BDSM 이전에 일본에서 자생하는 SM클럽이 있다는 자료를 찾아 보지 못했기 때문이다.
(일본은 한때 미국의 군정하에 놓여 있었고, 그 후로도 미국에 강하게 종속되어 왔으므로 어쩌면 당연한 일인지도 모르겠다. 무릇 문화는 반드시 양질의 좋은 문화만 전해지지 않는다. 필연적으로 밤의 퇴폐적인 문화까지 항상 같이 움직이기 마련이다.)
일본은 자신들이 받아들인 BDSM을 훌륭히 토착화 시켰다.
토착화라는 것은 다시 말해 기존의 일본 문화에 접목이 되었다는 의미와도 같다.
그리고 그것은 고스란히 한국으로 넘어왔다.
실제로 초기 한국 SMer 중 상당수는 일본 SM계에서 배웠거나, 강하게 영향을 받은 사람들이 많다.
(우리는 그런 경우를 너무나 많이 알고 있다. 고추나 고구마 같은 먹거리조차 그렇지 않았던가!)
그리고 그것은 오늘날 한국 SM계의 혼란과 체념을 가중시키고 있기도 하다.
더욱이 일본의 막강한 AV와 성인 애니 산업은 자신들의 SM관을 일본에만 국한 시키지 않고, 서구의 BDSM 클럽에까지 침투해 들어갔다.
결국 전수해 준 서구가 오히려 일본에게 잡아 먹힌 꼴이랄까?

오늘날 한국에 유행하는 SM 문화에 대해 내가 일종의 경계심을 갖고 접근하는 것도 바로 그런 이유 때문이다.
더 나아가, 한국은 서구의 BDSM도 일본의 SM도 아닌 한국만의 특색을 찾고, 그것을 정립해 나갔으면 하는 바람이다.


- 2009. 08. 29. 사이퍼